WebTranslations in context of "寡头统治" in Chinese-English from Reverso Context: 手头拮据的亚美尼亚无计可施，只得在2002年通过美其名曰"消债占有协议"交出股份。 这一协议让人想起叶利钦时代引发寡头统治的、臭名昭著的"债转股"交换（丘拜斯的又一创新 ） 。 WebThe Iron Law of Oligarchy is the theory that any human organization will inevitably become controlled by a ruling elite, no matter how democratic it is at the start. There are certainly plenty of examples of this happening, so there may be something to it. On the other hand, the term “Iron Law” is often used to describe theories as though ...
MICHELS’S IRON LAW OF OLIGARCHY - California …
The iron law of oligarchy is a political theory first developed by the German-born Italian sociologist Robert Michels in his 1911 book Political Parties. It asserts that rule by an elite, or oligarchy, is inevitable as an "iron law" within any democratic organization as part of the "tactical and technical necessities" of … See more In 1911, Robert Michels argued that, paradoxically, the socialist parties of Europe, despite their democratic ideology and provisions for mass participation, seemed to be dominated by their leaders just like traditional See more The "iron law of oligarchy" states that all forms of organization, regardless of how democratic they may be at the start, will eventually and inevitably develop oligarchic tendencies, thus … See more In his book Gemeindefreiheit als Rettung Europas, published in 1943 (first edition in German) with a second edition in 1947 (in German), Adolf Gasser stated the following requirements for a representative democracy in order to remain stable, unaffected by … See more The iron law of oligarchy is similar to the concept in The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism, a fictional book in the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984) by George Orwell, who had authored a review of James Burnham's The Managerial … See more Michels stressed several factors that underlie the iron law of oligarchy. Darcy K. Leach summarized them briefly as: "Bureaucracy happens. If bureaucracy happens, power rises. Power corrupts." Any large organization, Michels pointed out, has to create a See more An example that Michels used in his book was Germany's Social Democratic Party. Labour unions and Lipset's Union Democracy See more In 1954, Maurice Duverger expressed general agreement with Michels's thesis. In a 1953 study, C. W. Cassinelli argued that Michels's main thesis has "a high degree of general credibility", but argued that the statement of the theory was "inadequate" and … See more WebIron law of oligarchy is a principle of organizational life under which evens a democratic organization wills eventually develop into a bureaucracy ruled by a few individuals. … chine vs taïwan
Oligarchy Encyclopedia.com
WebThe oligarchy rules if not for corrupt – Michels is quite clear they rule with the best intentions (Linz, 2006, p. 54), but it is the logic of organisation itself that perverts their original intentions in what has become known as “goal displacement” (Hands, 1971, p. 167; Linz, 2006, p. 40) – but for “selfish purposes”, in that they ... WebMay 21, 2024 · Aristotle oligarchy meant the rule of the rich and not simply the rule of the few (Winters, 2001, p. 26). This might not be entirely consonant with the dictionary definition, but what it does ... WebThe real difference between oligarchy and democracy is wealth. [ C ] a country or industry that is controlled by a small group of powerful people, or these people considered as a … granger construction new york